Comma Before Again at End of Sentence

Slipping into a comma! Again????

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There have been previous articles on the subject field, only it seems to me sure items cannot be stressed enough...

Comma (,)

Some people seem to think sprinkling commas every few words is a good rule, but it makes for difficult reading. Here are a few places where commas should exist avoided:

  • Subsequently the conjunctions and, but, and or, unless the comma sets off a phrase which cannot stand up alone as a sentence. It is wrong to write "Just, she did get it done on time." Use the comma just if at that place is such a phrase, as in, "Simply, to be fair, she did get information technology done on time."
  • Information technology is preferable to omit the comma after very short prepositional phrases at the beginning of a judgement, i.e.: not "On Saturday, the office is closed," but "On Sabbatum the office is closed."

I found that in nigh "house styles" (due east.g., the World Bank Grouping), the comma is preferred before the final detail in a list: "the first, second, and third capacity." (by the fashion this is known as the serial comma or the Oxford comma.). Leaving it out--"the starting time, second and third chapters"--is apparently a habit picked up from journalism. While information technology saves a teensy bit of space and effort, omitting the final comma runs the risk of suggesting the last two items (in the example to a higher place, the 2d and tertiary chapters) are some sort of special pair. A fictitious dedication makes the danger articulate: "To my parents, Hillary Clinton and God."

The abbreviation "etc." (never to exist used of persons, by the way), even if only a single term comes before information technology, is e'er preceded by a comma and except at the end of a sentence, followed by one.

Colon (:)

A colon marks a intermission for explanation, expansion, enumeration, or elaboration. Utilize a colon to innovate a list: thing one, thing two, and thing three. Use it to interruption and explain: this judgement makes the point. Utilise it to give an example: this, for instance. Other uses are in bibliographies. Americans use it after the salutation in a formal letter: "Dear Sir:" (the British employ a comma, which Americans restrict to less formal letters). It as well introduces a block quotation or a list of bullet points.

Semicolon (;)

Do non use it to replace the comma. The semicolon has only two common uses: to separate the items in a list after a colon (as in "The following books will be covered on the midterm: the Odyssey, through book 12; passages from Ovid's Metamorphoses; and the selections from Chaucer"), and to separate two independent clauses in i sentence (as in "Shakespeare'southward comedies seem natural; his tragedies seem forced"). The commencement is obvious enough. For the second utilise, a simple test is this: if you can utilise a period (total stop) and a new sentence, you tin use a semicolon. In this second use, the semicolon can always exist replaced past a menses/full cease and a new sentence. In the example, "Shakespeare'due south comedies seem natural. His tragedies seem forced" is correct, so a semicolon can be used. It is really unsafe to use a semicolon anywhere else.

Punctuation is non decoration.
This is a multifaceted issue and I will admit that it presents some difficult decisions on where we should draw the line. In referring to Approximate(?) and Yahoo(!), I retrieve it makes sense to edit out punctuation in corporate names that is either distracting or purely decorative. The constraints that the question marker and the exclamation point place on headline writers make this determination easy. Imagine writing "Earnings Rising at Guess?" in 36-betoken type and to what confusion this may lead!?

Punctuation and Quotation Marks.
Commas and periods/total stops go inside quotation marks, while semicolons and colons become outside, regardless of the punctuation in the original quotation. Question marks and exclamation points depend on whether the question or assertion is function of the quotation, or role of the sentence containing the quotation. Some examples:

  • Run across the chapter entitled "The Conclusion, in which Nothing is Concluded." (Periods always get inside.)
  • The spokesman called it "shocking," and called immediately for a committee. (Commas e'er go inside.)
  • Have you read "Araby"? (The question mark is part of the outer judgement, not the quoted part, so it goes outside.)
  • He asked "How are you?" (The question marking is part of the quoted textile, so information technology goes inside.)

If you need a quotation inside a quotation, use 'single quotation marks' inside (also called "inverted commas"): "This" for quotations, 'this' for quotations inside quotations.

Punctuation and Spaces.
The traditional rule, and 1 particularly suited to the single-spaced fonts mutual in typescripts (equally opposed to desktop publishing): put 1 space afterward a comma or semicolon; put two spaces afterward a (judgement-ending) menses/full stop, exclamation signal, or question marking. Colons have been known to go either way. For spaces after quotation marks, base your choice on the punctuation inside the quotation. Publishers often (but not ever) use standard word spacing between sentences and it seems to be gaining ground among typists today, maybe through the influence of desktop publishing. In any case, it is nothing to lose slumber about.


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